Toolkit 9

Cube of a difference

(ab)3=a33a2b+3ab2b3(a-b)^3=a^3-3a^2b+3ab^2-b^3

Proof

Using Toolkit 7,

(ab)2=a22ab+b2.(a-b)^2 = a^2 - 2ab + b^2.

Therefore,

(ab)3=(ab)(ab)2=(ab)(a22ab+b2)=a32a2b+ab2a2b+2ab2b3=a33a2b+3ab2b3.\begin{aligned} (a-b)^3 &= (a-b)(a-b)^2 \\ &= (a-b)(a^2 - 2ab + b^2) \\ &= a^3 - 2a^2b + ab^2 - a^2b + 2ab^2 - b^3 \\ &= a^3 - 3a^2b + 3ab^2 - b^3. \quad\square \end{aligned}